HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) contributes to secure communication over the Internet through several key mechanisms: 1. **Encryption**: HTTPS encrypts the data exchanged between the user's browser and the website, making it difficult for third parties to intercept and understand the information. This is crucial for protecting sensitive data such as passwords, credit card numbers, and personal information during transmission. 2. **Authentication**: HTTPS provides a way to verify the identity of the website server using SSL/TLS certificates. These certificates are issued by trusted Certificate Authorities (CAs) and ensure that the user is communicating with the legitimate website and not a malicious impostor (e.g., in phishing attacks). 3. **Data Integrity**: HTTPS ensures that the data transmitted between the client and the server has not been tampered with or altered during transit. This is achieved through cryptographic hashing techniques, which provide a way to detect any unauthorized changes to the data. 4. **Secure Connections**: HTTPS facilitates a secure connection through the SSL/TLS protocol, which involves a handshake process. This process negotiates the cryptographic keys used for encryption, authentication, and data integrity, ensuring that the communication channel is secure before any data is exchanged. 5. **Protection Against Eavesdropping**: By encrypting the data transmitted, HTTPS protects against eavesdropping attacks, where an attacker tries to listen in on the communication. This is particularly important over unsecured networks, such as public Wi-Fi, where attackers might easily intercept data. 6. **Trust and Confidence**: The use of HTTPS signals to users that a website is secure, increasing their confidence in the safety of their data. Many browsers now mark HTTP sites as "not secure," encouraging websites to adopt HTTPS to enhance user trust. Overall, HTTPS plays a crucial role in securing online communications, protecting against various threats and vulnerabilities, and building a safer and more trustworthy Internet.

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How does HTTPS contribute to secure communication over the internet?

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